Processing math: 100%

USACO 2025 January Contest, Platinum

Problem 1. DFS Order


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Bessie has a simple undirected graph with vertices labeled 1N (2N750). She generates a depth-first search (DFS) order of the graph by calling the function dfs(1), defined by the following C++ code. Each adjacency list (adj[i] for all 1iN) may be permuted arbitrarily before starting the depth first search, so a graph can have multiple possible DFS orders.

vector<bool> vis(N + 1);
vector<vector<int>> adj(N + 1);  // adjacency list
vector<int> dfs_order;

void dfs(int x) {
    if (vis[x]) return;
    vis[x] = true;
    dfs_order.push_back(x);
    for (int y : adj[x]) dfs(y);
}

You are given the initial state of the graph as well as the cost to change the state of each edge. Specifically, for every pair of vertices (i,j) satisfying 1i<jN, you are given an integer ai,j (0<|ai,j|1000) such that

  • If ai,j>0, edge (i,j) is not currently in the graph, and can be added for cost ai,j.
  • If ai,j<0, edge (i,j) is currently in the graph, and can be removed for cost ai,j.

Determine the minimum total cost to change the graph so that [1,2,N] is a possible DFS ordering.

INPUT FORMAT (input arrives from the terminal / stdin):

The first line contains N.

Then N1 lines follow. The j1th line contains a1,j,a2,j,,aj1,j separated by spaces.

OUTPUT FORMAT (print output to the terminal / stdout):

The minimum cost to change the graph so that [1,2,,N] is a possible DFS ordering.

SAMPLE INPUT:

4
1
2 3
40 6 11

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

10

Initially, the graph contains no edges. (1,2),(2,3),(2,4) can be added for a total cost of 1+3+6. The graph now has two possible DFS orderings: [1,2,3,4],[1,2,4,3].

SAMPLE INPUT:

5
-1
10 -2
10 -7 10
-6 -4 -5 10

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

5

Initially, the graph contains edges (1,2),(2,3),(2,4),(1,5),(2,5),(3,5). Edge (3,5) can be removed for a cost of 5.

SAMPLE INPUT:

4
-1
-2 300
4 -5 6

SAMPLE OUTPUT:

9

Initially, the graph contains edges (1,2),(1,3),(2,4). Edge (2,4) can be removed and edge (1,4) can be added for a total cost of 5+4=9.

SCORING:

  • Inputs 4-9: All ai,j>0
  • Inputs 10-16: N50
  • Inputs 17-23: No additional constraints.

Problem credits: Benjamin Qi

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