(Analysis by Dhruv Rohatgi )

Consider any "optimal" sequence of events: a minimum-length sequence of moves or doublings that causes every farm to have a sick cow. Observe that if an infected cow at any time moves from some farm $i$ to an adjacent farm $j$ which already has an infected cow, we can replace this event with a superspreader event at farm $j$. This replacement causes an equally optimal sequence of events, because it doesn't decrease the ensuing number of infected cows at either farm. So without loss of generality, we can assume that in the optimal solution, an infected cow never moves to a farm with another infected cow.

Additionally, suppose that at some point in time, a farm $i$ has exactly one infected cow, and this cow moves to an adjacent farm $j$. Then there'll be no infected cow in farm $i$, so at some later time, some infected cow has to move *into* farm $i$. Let's insert into the event sequence a superspreader event at farm $i$, right before the infected cow leaves farm $i$. If we keep the rest of the sequence the same, farm $i$ will subsequently always have at least one more cow than in the original sequence. So we can cut out the event where an infected cow moves back into farm $i$. This produces an optimal sequence without increasing the number of moves. So once again, we can assume without loss of generality that the described event never happens.

This means that if we look at the set of *infected farms*, i.e. farms which have an infected cow, this set never shrinks, and every time a move event happens, the set expands by exactly one. Essentially, the set forms an ever-expanding subtree around farm $1$.

So our (specifically constructed) optimal sequence of events has exactly $n-1$ move events, one for each farm besides farm $1$: the event where this farm enters the infected set. How many superspreader events do we need?

Root the tree at farm $1$ and consider any subtree rooted at farm $i$. Eventually there will be exactly one infected cow in farm $i$ (and none yet in its subtree). If the farm has $d(i)$ children, then we can do $\lceil \log_2 (d(i)+1) \rceil$ consecutive superspreader events at farm $i$, and then move one infected cow to each child. It's always better to do all the superspreader events at farm $i$ before moving cows out to the children, so this is optimal.

As a result, the total number of superspreader events needed is $\sum_i \lceil \log_2 (d(i)+1) \rceil$ (summing over all farms with at least one child) and the minimum number of events needed to infect all farms is this quantity plus $n-1$.

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
#define MAXN 100000

int N;
int d[MAXN];

int main()
{
cin >> N;
int a,b;
for(int i=0;i<N-1;i++)
{
cin >> a >> b;
a--,b--;
d[a]++, d[b]++;
}
int ans = N-1; // number of move events
for(int i=0;i<N;i++)
if(d[i] > 1 || i == 0)	// check that i is not leaf node in tree
{
int children = d[i];
if(i!=0) children--;
// compute ceil(log(children + 1))
int log_children = 0;
int pow = 1;
while(pow < children + 1)
log_children++, pow *= 2;
ans += log_children;
}
cout << ans << '\n';
}